Michel Foucault (1926–1984) was a French philosopher, historian, and social theorist whose work has had a profound influence on many fields, including philosophy, literature, gender studies, and the social sciences. Foucault was known for his critical analyses of power structures, such as those found in institutions, and his exploration of the relationship between knowledge and power. His most famous works include Madness and Civilization, The History of Sexuality, and Discipline and Punish.